Fertility vitamins? There is one you definitely need: folic acid. 400 micrograms daily, ideally from when you start trying to conceive and at the latest four weeks before the planned pregnancy. That is not an opinion. That is medical consensus. In studies, folic acid lowered the risk of neural tube defects in the child by about 70% (Cochrane 2015).

From pregnancy onward, the Healthy Start network (Gesund ins Leben) additionally recommends an iodine supplement and 200 mg of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, through fish or, alternatively, as a supplement (Healthy Start network 2026). Everything else? That is where it gets more complicated.

Pharmacy shelves are full of fertility supplements costing €30 to €60 per monthly pack. Most of them contain folic acid. But many contain significantly more substances and higher amounts than recommended, often also more than the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) proposes for dietary supplements (German consumer advice centers, Verbraucherzentrale, 2025). Here is the overview.

The essential: folic acid

Folic acid (vitamin B9) is the only supplement that official bodies in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland recommend to all women trying to conceive (Healthy Start network 2026, Eating Right from the Start 2025, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, FSVO): 400 µg daily until the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. An equivalent amount of other folates, such as methylfolate, also works instead of folic acid. 800 µg is intended only if you start later than four weeks before conception. If you are overweight, the same dose applies (Healthy Start network 2026, NICE NG247).

Why? Your body needs folic acid for cell division and DNA synthesis. The embryo’s neural tube normally closes as early as four weeks after conception, often before you even know you are pregnant (Healthy Start network 2026). Without enough folate, the risk of spina bifida and other neural tube defects rises.

Even so, in Germany only about 40% of pregnant women take folic acid at the right time and in the right dose (Healthy Start network 2026). After an earlier pregnancy with a neural tube defect or with other risk factors, a higher dose may be needed, which is set by a doctor. The UK guideline gives 5 mg daily for this (NICE NG247).

Cost: Folic acid alone costs a few euros a month. It is the cheapest and most important supplement. Which form, what timing, and what applies to the MTHFR gene variant are covered in the guide Folic acid for fertility.

The extras: dietary supplements when trying to conceive at a glance

For everything except folic acid, the recommendation depends on conditions: on pregnancy, on a proven deficiency, or on fertility treatment. For oral antioxidants, a Cochrane review finds only limited evidence in women with fertility problems (Cochrane 2020). In assisted reproduction, the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) advises against antioxidant therapy because reliable evidence for more births is lacking (ESHRE 2023).

Supplement Evidence Recommendation Dosage Cost/month
Folic acid Very strong Essential from when you start trying to conceive 400 µg (800 µg if you start late) €1 to €2
Iodine Insufficient for the time before pregnancy (Healthy Start network 2026) When trying to conceive, eat an iodine-rich diet; supplement from pregnancy; with a thyroid condition, clarify with a doctor 100 to 150 µg in pregnancy about €2.40 together with folic acid (8 euro cents per day, German consumer advice centers 2025)
DHA (omega-3) No separate recommendation for the time of trying to conceive Recommended in pregnancy (Healthy Start network 2026) 200 mg DHA in pregnancy, through fish 1 to 2 times per week or a supplement n/a
Vitamin D Benefit of general intake uncertain (Healthy Start network 2026) Only if the skin makes too little on its own 20 µg (800 IU), more only in case of deficiency after consulting a doctor €3 to €5
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Limited Benefit not proven; in assisted reproduction, ESHRE advises against antioxidants (ESHRE 2023) Dietary supplements in Germany up to 100 mg €15 to €30
DHEA Low Not recommended (ESHRE 2025) No self-medication n/a
Myo-inositol Very low (PCOS guideline 2023) Experimental, not recommended as a fertility treatment No dosage recommendation n/a
Iron Benefit only in case of deficiency Only after a deficiency has been confirmed in the lab (Healthy Start network 2026) Supplements at most 6 mg according to the BfR proposal, treatment as directed by a doctor n/a
Vitamin E Weak Optional, benefit not proven Supplements at most 30 mg according to the BfR proposal €5 to €10
Zinc Weak Optional Dietary supplements at most 6.5 mg according to the BfR €3 to €5
Maca Very weak Not recommended n/a n/a
Chasteberry Hardly any data Benefit for pregnancy not proven, not to be taken in pregnancy n/a €8 to €15

Folic acid capsules and dietary supplements on a wooden table

Iodine when trying to conceive: diet, tablets, thyroid

Iodine contributes to normal production of thyroid hormones and to normal thyroid function (Regulation (EU) 432/2012). In pregnancy, the need rises: The reference values of the nutrition societies in Germany and Austria (DGE and OEGE) are 150 µg per day for adults and 220 µg for pregnant women (DGE 2025).

Many women do not reach these values. In a nationwide survey (DEGS1, 2008 to 2011), women aged 18 to 29 took in a median of 99.5 µg of iodine per day, and women aged 30 to 39 took in 114.4 µg (Healthy Start network 2026).

In pregnancy: The Healthy Start network recommends that pregnant women, in addition to a balanced diet, take a supplement with 100 to 150 µg of iodine daily throughout pregnancy, plus iodized salt in the household. The recommendation is worded somewhat more weakly than for folic acid (“should” instead of “shall”). The German maternity guidelines (Mutterschafts-Richtlinie) consider an additional 100 to 200 µg per day necessary in pregnancy (Healthy Start network 2026).

When trying to conceive: Whether the iodine tablet should start before conception is under discussion. The Healthy Start network considers the data insufficient for this and relies on an iodine-rich diet when trying to conceive: regular fish and dairy products, only iodized salt in the household, and bread and meat products preferably made with iodized salt. The Iodine Deficiency Working Group (Arbeitskreis Jodmangel), by contrast, recommends 100 to 150 µg daily as early as when trying to conceive, for women without a thyroid condition (Grossklaus 2026). So the sources do not agree here.

Organization Recommendation on iodine
Healthy Start network, Germany (2026) When trying to conceive, eat an iodine-rich diet. In pregnancy, 100 to 150 µg daily as a supplement, plus iodized salt
Iodine Deficiency Working Group (Grossklaus 2026) 100 to 150 µg daily as early as when trying to conceive, for women without a thyroid condition. Total intake at most 600 µg per day
DGE, Germany For pregnant and breastfeeding women, iodine tablets with 100 (to 150) µg per day after consulting a doctor
BfR, Germany (2025) Supplements at most 100 µg per daily dose, for pregnant and breastfeeding women 150 µg. No separate category for trying to conceive
gesundheit.gv.at, Austria In pregnancy, iodized table salt, saltwater fish, and dairy products. Always discuss iodine supplements with a doctor, no fixed dose
FSVO, Switzerland Eat an iodine-rich diet. Whether iodine tablets are also needed should be discussed with a gynecologist as early as when trying to conceive, no fixed dose

Iodine and the thyroid

If you have a thyroid condition, talk to your doctor before taking an iodine tablet (Healthy Start network 2026). In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease, an iodine-rich diet within the reference values, including iodized salt, is usually unproblematic according to the Healthy Start network. For tablets, however, the rule still applies: check with your doctor first.

In autonomous thyroid nodules, iodine triggers an overactive thyroid, according to the BfR, usually only at unphysiologically high doses. Risky above all are dried algae and kelp products and several iodine-containing supplements at the same time (BfR 2021). Total intake should not exceed 600 µg per day, which is the upper limit set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (Healthy Start network 2026).

So check whether your fertility supplement already contains iodine before you add an iodine tablet.

Omega-3 when trying to conceive: what applies to DHA

In pregnancy, omega-3 is mainly about one fatty acid: DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). According to the Healthy Start network, pregnant women should take in 200 mg of DHA daily, through fatty saltwater fish 1 to 2 times per week or, alternatively, through a supplement (Healthy Start network 2026).

For the time of trying to conceive itself, the Healthy Start network gives no separate DHA recommendation. It names higher amounts only by referring to an international guideline: for pregnant women who took in little EPA and DHA up to the start of pregnancy, that guideline recommends about 600 to 1,000 mg of EPA plus DHA per day to lower the risk of preterm birth. For the time before pregnancy, this is not a recommendation; the standard recommendation remains 200 mg of DHA in pregnancy (Healthy Start network 2026).

On safety: According to EFSA, DHA alone is considered safe up to 1 g per day, EPA and DHA together up to 5 g (Healthy Start network 2026).

Anyone who follows a vegetarian or vegan diet should supplement DHA in pregnancy (Healthy Start network 2026). In men, omega-3 fatty acids did not improve sperm parameters in a meta-analysis, although only a few small studies were available (Michaelsen 2025).

Vitamin D when trying to conceive: when a supplement makes sense

According to the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), around half of adults in Germany (52%) have an inadequate vitamin D supply in winter, and over 80% then do not reach sufficient levels (RKI 2016).

Whether you need a supplement depends mainly on how much vitamin D your skin makes on its own. According to the Healthy Start network, it is enough to expose your face, hands, and arms to the sun, uncovered and without sunscreen, 2 to 3 times per week for half the time it would take you to get a sunburn. You should avoid sunburn. In winter, the sun in Germany is not strong enough for this; the body then draws on its stores.

For pregnant women who are rarely outdoors, largely cover their skin, or have dark skin, the Healthy Start network recommends 20 µg (800 IU) daily. The network considers the benefit of general intake in pregnancy uncertain because the studies vary widely (Healthy Start network 2026). There is no separate value for the time of trying to conceive: The 20 µg recommended when the skin makes too little vitamin D on its own apply to everyone, regardless of whether you are trying to conceive or are pregnant (German consumer advice centers 2025). In Switzerland, the FSVO counts vitamin D, alongside folic acid, among the exceptions that cannot be covered sufficiently even with a balanced diet (FSVO).

A sensible approach if you are unsure: Have your vitamin D level measured (blood test, €25 to €35 as a self-pay service). According to the Healthy Start network, a 25(OH)D level of at least 50 nmol/l is desirable. The German Nutrition Society gives 20 µg (800 IU) per day as an estimated value when the body makes no vitamin D itself. The BfR proposes at most this amount per daily dose for dietary supplements (BfR 2024).

In case of a proven deficiency, your doctor sets the dose. In the long term, it should not be more than 4,000 IU (100 µg) per day, which is the upper limit set by EFSA. According to the Healthy Start network, supplements at this amount or above belong under medical supervision.

CoQ10 when trying to conceive: what is known about egg quality

CoQ10 is a component of the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cells, and is made by the body itself. That is why people discuss whether additional CoQ10 can support the eggs.

A randomized trial from 2018 in young women (under 35) with diminished ovarian reserve showed that those who took 600 mg of CoQ10 daily for 60 days before IVF treatment had more eggs retrieved and more good-quality embryos (Xu 2018). Pregnancies and births were not significantly more frequent in the study. The effect has not been confirmed in large studies so far.

ESHRE generally advises against antioxidants in assisted reproduction because reliable evidence for more births is lacking (ESHRE 2023). CoQ10 is one of the antioxidants that the Cochrane review evaluated in women with fertility problems (Cochrane 2020).

What does this mean for you? For healthy women, a benefit is not proven according to the BfR. Dietary supplements in Germany may contain up to 100 mg of CoQ10 per day and carry a label stating that they are not suitable for pregnant women. Do not take higher doses like those in the study on your own, but only after consulting your fertility clinic, especially if you take blood pressure medication or blood thinners. It costs €15 to €30 per month.

DHEA: not recommended by ESHRE

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone precursor, not a dietary supplement. For a long time, it was seen as a source of hope for low ovarian reserve (low AMH, few antral follicles). In its 2025 guideline, however, ESHRE advises against taking DHEA before or during hormonal stimulation, for both low and normal reserve (ESHRE 2025, strong recommendation).

Do not take DHEA on your own. It can cause acne, hair loss, and cycle disruptions.

Myo-inositol: studied mainly in PCOS, not proven for fertility

Myo-inositol is found in some fertility supplements. It has been studied mainly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS, recently also called PMOS). The international PCOS guideline classifies inositol in any form, alone or combined, as an experimental therapy for PCOS when trying to conceive: Benefits and risks are too uncertain to recommend it as a fertility treatment (PCOS guideline 2023).

The joint guideline of the professional societies from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland likewise considers the data on improving fertility insufficient (AWMF 015-085, 2026). A UK draft guideline goes further and describes inositol as not effective for fertility problems (NICE draft 2026).

The side effects and safety of inositol are not known according to the international PCOS guideline (PCOS guideline 2023), and supplements can vary in dose, quality, and composition. There is no approved health claim for inositol. What the studies show in detail is covered in the guide Myo-inositol and fertility.

Iron, vitamin A, and vegan diets

Iron: According to the Healthy Start network, iron should be supplemented only after an iron deficiency has been confirmed in the lab, not routinely. A maternal iron status that is too high is also associated with preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes. For the diagnosis, not only the hemoglobin value counts but also ferritin and, where appropriate, CRP and transferrin saturation (Healthy Start network 2026). The BfR proposes at most 6 mg of iron per daily dose for dietary supplements, with the note that pregnant women should take iron only after consulting a doctor (BfR 2021).

Vitamin A: Pregnant women should avoid frequently eating foods rich in vitamin A, especially in the first trimester, and liver in particular. Supplements containing vitamin A should be taken only after consulting a doctor (Healthy Start network 2026). The reason is the risk of effects that harm the fetus. The BfR proposes either adding no vitamin A at all to dietary supplements or at most 0.2 mg per daily dose (BfR 2021). Because a pregnancy often goes unnoticed in the first weeks, it is worth checking the label as early as when trying to conceive.

Vegan or vegetarian: According to the Healthy Start network, anyone who is vegan and wants to stay vegan should use qualified nutrition and supplement counseling as early as when trying to conceive, to correct deficiencies before conception. In pregnancy, vegan women should supplement vitamin B12 and DHA in addition to iodine and folic acid and have their nutrient supply checked by a doctor, and vegetarian women should additionally supplement DHA. The Healthy Start network also advises vegan women to consider switching to a vegetarian, pescetarian, flexitarian, or mixed diet even before a pregnancy. Austria and Switzerland advise against a vegan diet in pregnancy (Eating Right from the Start 2025, FSVO).

What is in fertility supplements

We compared fertility supplements for women that are sold in Germany, Austria, or Switzerland with the official recommendations for folic acid, iodine, vitamin D, and DHA. The basis is the manufacturers’ information per daily dose; each entry was checked against the source in a second pass. The picture in brief:

  • Most supplements contain folate in the recommended amount, some with methylfolate instead of folic acid.
  • Iodine is in many supplements, but in some not at all.
  • Many contain 20 µg of vitamin D, only a few more than this maximum amount proposed by the BfR.
  • Only a few supply DHA in the amount recommended for pregnant women.
  • Many contain iron, usually more than the BfR proposes for dietary supplements, although iron is recommended only for a proven deficiency.
  • Some additionally contain coenzyme Q10 or myo-inositol.

The numbers, the table, and the methodology are in the fertility supplements comparison.

Separately, the Baden-Württemberg consumer advice center checked the composition of 131 supplements for fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding in 2023. Only two of them contained solely folic acid and iodine. For most of them, the amounts were above the BfR’s proposed maximum levels or above the reference values for total daily intake, including for products for men trying to conceive. The consumer advice centers call this a wrong principle of “more is better” (German consumer advice centers 2025).

How to read health claims on the package

Fertility supplements often carry statements like “supports fertility.” Under EU law, such general promises are allowed only together with an approved, specific claim. For fertility supplements, these are the main ones that apply:

  • Folic acid: “Supplemental folic acid intake increases maternal folate status. Low maternal folate status is a risk factor in the development of neural tube defects in the developing fetus.” Allowed only from 400 µg of folic acid per daily dose and with the notice that the beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 400 µg from at least one month before to three months after conception (Regulation (EU) 1135/2014).
  • Folate: “Folate contributes to maternal tissue growth during pregnancy” (Regulation (EU) 432/2012).
  • DHA: “Maternal intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contributes to the normal brain development of the fetus and breastfed infants.” A corresponding claim exists for the eyes. Allowed only if the product provides at least 200 mg of DHA per day, and only with the notice that the beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 200 mg of DHA in addition to the recommended intake for adults of 250 mg of DHA and EPA (Regulation (EU) 440/2011).
  • Iodine: “Iodine contributes to normal production of thyroid hormones and to normal thyroid function.”
  • Zinc: “Zinc contributes to normal fertility and reproduction.”
  • Selenium: “Selenium contributes to normal spermatogenesis.”

These statements describe normal body functions. They do not say that a supplement raises the chance of pregnancy. For coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, lycopene, and myo-inositol, there is no approved claim about fertility or sperm (Regulation (EU) 432/2012). Statements such as “recommended by gynecologists” are problematic for dietary supplements under EU law.

And the BfR’s maximum levels? Those are proposals. So far, there are no binding maximum levels for vitamins and minerals in dietary supplements, either in Germany or at the EU level (BfR).

Vitamins for men

The male side is often forgotten. Sperm production takes about 72 to 74 days, and the WHO assumes about 74 days (WHO 2025). So changes show up after about three months at the earliest. However, whether supplements actually improve sperm quality is not reliably proven. There is currently no general recommendation for men trying to conceive to supplement particular nutrients (German consumer advice centers 2025).

Supplement Discussed effect (not reliably proven) Dosage
Zinc Sperm concentration and motility Dietary supplements at most 6.5 mg/day according to the BfR
Selenium Sperm motility Supplements at most 40 µg/day according to the BfR proposal
L-carnitine Sperm motility No dose recommendation in guidelines (AUA/ASRM 2024)
Coenzyme Q10 Sperm motility and concentration Dietary supplements in Germany up to 100 mg/day
Folic acid Cell division during sperm production No separate recommendation for men, BfR proposal for supplements at most 200 µg/day (the 400 µg exception applies only to women)
Vitamin C + E Antioxidant protection Supplements at most 250 mg of vitamin C and 30 mg of vitamin E according to the BfR proposal

Men with an abnormal semen analysis are often offered combination supplements with zinc, selenium, L-carnitine, and CoQ10. That they lead to more pregnancies is not proven. Large randomized trials with supplements for men found no higher live birth or pregnancy rates, although other compositions were tested there. The Cochrane review likewise reaches no clear result:

  • FAZST (JAMA 2020): 2,370 couples before fertility treatment. The men took 5 mg of folic acid and 30 mg of zinc daily for 6 months, or a placebo. The live birth rate was 34% with the supplement versus 35% with placebo, and sperm quality did not improve. Both doses were above the upper limits for daily intake.
  • SUMMER (JAMA Network Open 2025): 1,171 men in the Netherlands. A combination supplement containing zinc, folic acid, B vitamins, betaine, and L-cystine, among others, did not lead to more ongoing pregnancies over 6 months (33.8% with the supplement versus 37.5% with placebo). The study received a research grant and the study supplements from the manufacturer.
  • Cochrane 2022: In the main analysis, the live birth rate was higher with antioxidants, but the certainty of this evidence was very low. Without studies at high risk of bias, there was no longer any effect on live births. The authors consider the evidence overall inconclusive.

The European Association of Urology (EAU) advises against routinely treating men with unexplained infertility with antioxidants. Instead, it recommends addressing excess weight, lack of exercise, smoking, and heavy alcohol use (EAU 2026). Anyone who takes a supplement anyway can expect any possible effect to show up on a semen analysis after about three months at the earliest.

What individual substances such as zinc, selenium, L-carnitine, or CoQ10 have shown in studies and where the maximum levels lie is covered in detail in the guide Male fertility supplements.

Supplement shelf in a German pharmacy with fertility vitamins

What you can skip

Chasteberry (Agnus castus): The European Medicines Agency (EMA) lists it only for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and mild complaints before the period. That it raises the chance of pregnancy is not proven. A luteal phase defect also cannot be reliably detected; more on this in the article Luteal phase defect. Cycle disruptions are described as a side effect. It should not be taken in pregnancy.

Maca: The evidence is thin. There is no convincing data that maca improves fertility in women or sperm quality.

Fertility teas: Completely fine as a ritual, but studies do not show a measurable effect on fertility. What is known about lady’s mantle, raspberry leaves, chasteberry, and their safety is covered in the guide Herbs and teas for fertility.

Expensive combination supplements: Many fertility supplements cost €40 to €60 per month and often contain vitamin D, iodine, and other substances in addition to folic acid. You can get what is recommended individually for a few euros a month. The extra cost comes mostly from additives that are not generally recommended for the time of trying to conceive or whose benefit is not proven. In the consumer advice centers’ market check, exactly one product matched the recommendations: 400 µg of folic acid and 100 µg of iodine with no other additives, for 8 euro cents per daily dose, which made it one of the cheapest (German consumer advice centers 2025).

Frequently asked questions

Which vitamins are really necessary when trying to conceive?

Absolute minimum: folic acid (400 µg). Vitamin D only if your skin makes too little on its own. From pregnancy onward, the Healthy Start network additionally recommends iodine (100 to 150 µg) and DHA (200 mg, through fish or, alternatively, as a supplement). Before IVF, coenzyme Q10 is sometimes discussed, but in assisted reproduction ESHRE advises against antioxidants (ESHRE 2023). Everything else is not generally recommended: iron only in case of a proven deficiency, DHEA not at all. Invest in good diagnostics with a fertility specialist rather than in expensive supplements.

How long before pregnancy should I take folic acid?

At least 4 weeks before the planned conception, ideally from when you start trying to conceive, and at the latest when you start trying specifically on the fertile days. You keep taking it until the end of the 12th week of pregnancy; if you start later, take 800 µg. The neural tube closes about four weeks after conception, which, by the usual way of counting, is about the 6th week of pregnancy. That is often before you have a positive test. That is why you should start early.

Do I need iodine when trying to conceive?

In Germany, when trying to conceive, the Healthy Start network relies mainly on an iodine-rich diet with iodized salt, fish, and dairy products; it recommends a supplement with 100 to 150 µg from pregnancy onward. The Iodine Deficiency Working Group advises 100 to 150 µg daily as early as when trying to conceive. If you have a thyroid condition, talk to your doctor first (Healthy Start network 2026, Grossklaus 2026).

How much omega-3 when trying to conceive?

There is no separate recommendation for the time of trying to conceive. In pregnancy, it should be 200 mg of DHA daily, through fatty saltwater fish 1 to 2 times per week or, alternatively, through a supplement. According to EFSA, DHA alone is considered safe up to 1 g per day (Healthy Start network 2026).

Can I improve my fertility with vitamins?

No, not in the sense of a fertility treatment. Supplements can correct a deficiency. For oral antioxidants, a Cochrane review found only limited evidence in women with fertility problems (Cochrane 2020). No vitamin replaces a medical evaluation. If you have been trying unsuccessfully to get pregnant for 6 to 12 months, get evaluated instead of only supplementing.

Does myo-inositol make sense when trying to conceive?

For PCOS when trying to conceive, the international guideline classifies inositol as experimental, and the guideline for Germany, Austria, and Switzerland considers the data insufficient for a recommendation. There is no approved health claim for inositol (PCOS guideline 2023, AWMF 015-085).

What does sensible supplementation cost per month?

Folic acid (€1 to €2) + vitamin D if needed (€3 to €5) = under €10 per month. That is enough for most women. From pregnancy onward in Germany, iodine is added: In the consumer advice centers’ market check, a supplement with 400 µg of folic acid and 100 µg of iodine cost 8 euro cents per day. DHA is added if you do not eat fatty saltwater fish 1 to 2 times per week. Coenzyme Q10 is not part of basic supplementation: It costs about €20 per month, a benefit is not proven for healthy women, and CoQ10 supplements carry a label stating that they are not suitable for pregnant women. Single-ingredient supplements are almost always cheaper than combination supplements labeled “fertility.”

Should my partner take vitamins too?

There is no general recommendation for men (German consumer advice centers 2025). Large studies such as FAZST (folic acid plus zinc) and SUMMER (combination supplement) found no higher live birth or pregnancy rates, and the EAU advises against routine treatment with antioxidants (EAU 2026). A more sensible first step is a fertility test for men. If he takes a supplement, a possible effect on the semen analysis shows up after about 3 months at the earliest. Watch the amount of zinc. Cost: €15 to €25 per month. Here, too: diagnosis first, then therapy.

Sources

Recommendations and guidelines

Maximum levels, supply, and law

Studies and reviews

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About this article

Fertilio Editorial Team

The Fertilio Editorial Team researches fertility topics using specialist sources such as the German IVF Registry (Deutsches IVF-Register, D.I.R.), medical guidelines, and statutes. The sources are listed at the end of each article. The content does not replace medical advice.